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Tuesday, June 19, 2012

Engine 2 stroke


A two-stroke engine is an internal combustion engine that completes the process cycle in one revolution of the crankshaft (an up stroke and a down stroke of the piston, compared to twice that number for a four-stroke engine). This is accomplished by using the end of the combustion stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke to perform simultaneously the intake and exhaust (or scavenging) functions. In this way, two-stroke engines often provide high specific power, at least in a narrow range of rotational speeds. The functions of some or all of the valves required by a four-stroke engine are usually served in a two-stroke engine by ports that are opened and closed by the motion of the piston(s), greatly reducing the number of moving parts. Gasoline (spark ignition) versions are particularly useful in lightweight (portable) applications, such as chainsaws, and the concept is also used in diesel compression ignition engines in large and weight insensitive applications, such as ships and locomotives.
The first commercial two-stroke engine involving in-cylinder compression is attributed to Scottish engineer Dugald Clerk, who in 1881 patented his design, his engine having a separate charging cylinder. The crankcase-scavenged engine, employing the area below the piston as a charging pump, is generally credited to Englishman Joseph Day.


Specification of lamborghini gallardo

The Lamborghini Gallardo ( /ɡaɪˈjɑrdoʊ/; Italian: [ɡaʎˈʎardo]) is a sports car built by Lamborghini and its most-produced model to date, with over 10,000 built in its first seven years of production.The car is named after a famous breed of fighting bull and represented to many the smaller version of the Murcielago, a descendant of Lamborghini's Jalpa from the 1980s.


SPECIFICATION

[hide]ModelsCoupe
2003-2005
Coupe
2006-2008
Spyder
2006-2008
SuperleggeraLP 560-4LP 560-4 SpyderLP 550-2
rear wheel drive
LP 570-4 Superleggera
Engine v10
Type4,961 cc (4.961 L; 302.7 cu in) V10 40 valves DOHC5,204 cc (5.204 L; 317.6 cu in) V10 40 valves DOHC
Power@rpm500 PS (368 kW; 493 hp)@7800520 PS (382 kW; 513 hp)@8000530 PS (390 kW; 523 hp)@8000560 PS (412 kW; 552 hp)@8000550 PS (405 kW; 542 hp)@8000570 PS (419 kW; 562 hp)@8000
Torque@rpm510 N·m (376 lb·ft)@4500510 N·m (376 lb·ft)@4250540 N·m (398 lb·ft)@6500
Performance
0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) (sec)4.24.04.33.83.74.03.93.4
0 to 200 km/h (120 mph) (sec)14.513.614.312.411.813.1?10.2
1/4 mile12.4 s @ 118 mph (190 km/h)12.1 s @ 120 mph (190 km/h)-11.7 s @ 123 mph (198 km/h)11.2 s @ 129.5 mph (208.4 km/h) (R&T)
11.9s @ 120.5 mph (193.9 km/h) (MT)[33]
-11.5s @ 126.7 mph (203.9 km/h) (R&T)[34]
11.5s @ 125.6 mph (202.1 km/h)[35]
-
Top speed309 km/h (192 mph)315 km/h (196 mph)315 km/h (196 mph)315 km/h (196 mph)325 km/h (202 mph)324 km/h (201 mph)320 km/h (200 mph)325 km/h (202 mph)

Ford: Software fixes too late to improve standing in Power quality survey


DETROIT -- Ford Motor Co., working to fix glitches in dashboard touchscreens, said the software upgrades offered to customers came too late to improve quality scores in J.D. Power & Associates' new-model survey coming out Wednesday.

"We'll be about the same or slightly better," Bennie Fowler, Ford's group vice president of global quality, told reporters Tuesday in Dearborn, Mich. "The dramatic improvement we're expecting will come in the third quarter and, hopefully, we'll see that in" next year's survey.
Glitches with technology have lowered Ford's quality scores.
The automaker's namesake brand tumbled to 23rd from fifth in J.D. Power's new-car quality survey last year. Power said the Ford brand produced 116 problems per 100 models sold in the 2011 survey, placing below the industry average of 107 problems per 100 models last year.

The company's Lincoln luxury brand also dropped from above average to below, ranking 17th. Lincoln produced 111 problems per 100 models surveyed after 90 days of ownership, Power said.
The Westlake Village, Calif.-based market-research firm is scheduled to release this year's survey covering 2012 models on Wednesday.

Ford CEO Alan Mulally has made technology a pillar of his turnaround plan.

Fuel-efficient, turbocharged engines and features such as voice-activated phones have attracted younger buyers and pushed up prices.
U.S. buyers paid an average of $31,995 for Ford's models in the first quarter, up 26 percent from 2002, according to Edmunds.com.

'Upgradeable car'

Ford in March sent a software upgrade to 377,000 customers with the MyFord Touch and MyLincoln Touch dashboard controls.

J.D. Power measures quality on new cars from November to February, Fowler said.

The upgrade included faster touch responses, simpler graphics, enhanced voice recognition and improved phone controls, said Jim Farley, Ford’s global marketing chief.

Ford plans a further enhancement with the next upgrade so that outside temperature is displayed on the home screen, he said.

“The idea of an upgradeable car is right here, right now,” Farley said Tuesday. “We have a lot more to do as an industry and as Ford, but we’re headed in the right direction.”

Ford has said its quality performance this year will be "mixed" and fall short of its goal to improve on last year.

The automaker says it has also received complaints about a fuel-saving new transmission used in its Focus and Fiesta small cars.

The automaker's touch-screen dashboard controls still receive poor marks from owners, even after improving the software, said David Champion, auto-test chief with Consumer Reports magazine.

"They need to get these innovations right or just dump 'em," Champion said in a June 12 interview. "They've improved them slightly, but they're still not right."

Back on track

Other than the high-tech features, Ford’s basic quality remains good, Champion said. The automaker is seeing a reduction in the “basic things that break,” Fowler said.

“We’ve seen about a 40 percent improvement in our repair rate from this time last year,” Fowler said. “So we’re back on track in that regard.”

Warranty claims on MyFord Touch also have declined as Ford offered the software upgrades, Fowler said.

Some of the problems have been caused by Ford customers not understanding the technology, he said.

“We’re working on continuing to explain to our customers how to use the technologies,” Fowler said. “We’re also going to continue to refine all of our software to better listen to what the customer is saying.”

Toyota to cut Japan capacity more than 10% by 2014, report says


TOKYO (Reuters) -- Toyota Motor Corp. will cut its production capacity in Japan by more than 10 percent from current levels to about 3.1 million units by 2014, continuing to reduce its domestic output, the Nikkei said on Wednesday.

The automaker will not lay off workers as part of the cuts and is eager to ensure that its domestic suppliers and partners remain profitable, the newspaper said.

The company wants to maintain domestic production at about 3 million vehicles per year, down by about 500,000 units from current levels, even if a strong yen hurts export profitability, the business daily said.

Toyota has already cut capacity by 100,000 units at its subsidiary's factory in Shizuoka Prefecture in Japan and its overall domestic capacity is expected to fall to about 3.6 million units this year, the Japanese daily said.
The automaker's production capacity was about 3.9 million vehicles in Japan before the global financial crisis hit, the Nikkei said.

Toyota plans to build 8.65 million vehicles globally this year, of which 5.25 million will be produced abroad. Plans call for increasing overseas output to about 6.8 million by 2015, bringing the worldwide total to 10 million.



What is VVT-i



VVT-i


VVT-i, or Variable Valve Timing with intelligence, is an automobile variable valve timing technology developed by Toyota, similar in performance to the BMW's VANOS. The Toyota VVT-i system replaces the Toyota VVT offered starting in 24 December 1991 on the 5-valve per cylinder 4A-GE engine. The VVT system is a 2-stage hydraulically controlled cam phasing system. The Toyota motors CEO has been reported to have said, "VVT is the heart of every modern Toyota!"[citation needed]
VVT-i, introduced in 1996, varies the timing of the intake valves by adjusting the relationship between the camshaft drive (belt, scissor-gear or chain) and intake camshaft. Engine oil pressure is applied to an actuator to adjust the camshaft position. Adjustments in the overlap time between the exhaust valve closing and intake valve opening result in improved engine efficiency.Variants of the system, including VVTL-i, Dual VVT-i, VVT-iE, and Valvematic, have followed.

VVTL-i



VVTL-i (Variable Valve Timing and Lift intelligent system) is an enhanced version of VVT-i that can alter valve lift (and duration) as well as valve timing. In the case of the 16 valve 2ZZ-GE, the engine head resembles a typical DOHC design, featuring separate cams for intake and exhaust and featuring two intake and two exhaust valves (four total) per cylinder. Unlike a conventional design, each camshaft has two lobes per cylinder, one optimized for lower rpm operation and one optimized for high rpm operation, with higher lift and longer duration. Each valve pair is controlled by one rocker arm, which is operated by the camshaft. Each rocker arm has a slipper follower mounted to the rocker arm with a spring, allowing the slipper follower to freely move up and down with the high lobe without affecting the rocker arm. When the engine is operating below 6000-7000 rpm (dependent on year, car, and ECU installed), the lower lobe is operating the rocker arm and thus the valves, and the slipper-follower is freewheeling next to the rocker arm. When the engine is operating above the lift engagement point, the ECU activates an oil pressure switch which pushes a sliding pin under the slipper follower on each rocker arm. The rocker arm is now locked into slipper-follower's movements and thus follows the movement of the high rpm cam lobe, and will operate with the high rpm cam profile until the pin is disengaged by the ECU. The lift system is similar in principle to Honda VTEC operation.
The system was first used in 2000 Toyota Celica with 2ZZ-GE. Toyota has now ceased production of its VVTL-i engines for most markets, because the engine does not meet Euro IV specifications for emissions. As a result, this engine has been discontinued on some Toyota models, including that of the
The system was first used in 2000 Toyota Celica with 2ZZ-GE. Toyota has now ceased production of its VVTL-i engines for most markets, because the engine does not meet Euro IV specifications for emissions. As a result, this engine has been discontinued on some Toyota models, including that of the Corolla T-Sport (Europe), Corolla Sportivo (Australia), Celica, Corolla XRS, Toyota Matrix XRS, and the Pontiac Vibe GT, all of which had the 2ZZ-GE engine fitted. The Lotus Elise continues to offer the 2ZZ-GE and the 1ZZ-FE engine, while the Exige offers the engine with a supercharger.

Dual VVT-i



The Dual VVT-i system adjusts timing on both intake and exhaust camshafts. It was first introduced in 1998 on the RS200 Altezza's 3S-GE engine.
Dual VVT-i is also found in Toyota's new generation V6 engine, the 3.5-liter 2GR-FE first appearing on the 2005 Avalon. This engine can now be found on numerous Toyota and Lexus models. By adjusting the valve timing, engine start and stop occurs almost unnoticeably at minimum compression. Fast heating of the catalytic converter to its light-off temperature is possible, thereby reducing hydrocarbon emissions considerably.Most Toyota engines including the UR engines (V8), GR engines (V6), AR engines (Large I4), and ZR engines (Small I4) now use this technology.

VVT-iE



VVT-iE (Variable Valve Timing - intelligent by Electric motor) is a version of Dual VVT-i that uses an electrically operated actuator to adjust and maintain intake camshaft timing.The exhaust camshaft timing is still controlled using a hydraulic actuator. This form of variable valve timing technology was developed initially for Lexus vehicles. This system was first introduced on the 2007MY Lexus LS 460 as 1UR engine.
The 1UR engine, the first to feature VVT-iE
The electric motor in the actuator spins together with the intake camshaft as the engine runs. To maintain camshaft timing, the actuator motor will operate at the same speed as the camshaft. To advance the camshaft timing, the actuator motor will rotate slightly faster than the camshaft speed. To retard camshaft timing, the actuator motor will rotate slightly slower than camshaft speed. The speed difference between the actuator motor and camshaft timing is used to operate a mechanism that varies the camshaft timing. The benefit of the electric actuation is enhanced response and accuracy at low engine speeds and at lower temperatures. Furthermore, it ensures precise positioning of the camshaft for and immediately after engine starting, as well as a greater total range of adjustment. The combination of these factors allows more precise control, resulting in an improvement of both fuel economy, engine output and emissions performance.

Valvematic


The Valvematic system offers continuous adjustment to lift volume and timing, and improves fuel efficiency by controlling the fuel/air mixture using valve control rather than conventional throttle plate control.The technology made its first appearance in 2007 in the Noah and later in early-2009 in the ZR engine family used on the Avensis. This system is simpler in design compared to Valvetronic and VVEL, allowing the cylinder head to remain at the same height.